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Canada Information
Canada is the second largest country by area in the world (after Russia) and the largest in North America. Its only land border is with the United States, and remains the longest land border in the world. The US border is situated at Canada's Southern edge. The border with the United States varies depending on the area you are visiting. The 49th parallel is the border from mainland British Columbia to Ontario, but drops as low as the 41st parallel in southern Ontario. Canada also has a long border with the US state of Alaska in the Northwest. Canada is a major tourist destination, and is one of the world's wealthiest countries. The country is renowned worldwide for its vast, untouched landscape and its unique culture.
Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural beauty. Economically and technologically, it resembles its neighbor to the South, the United States, and shares with it the longest undefended border in the world yet there are significant differences between the two countries. Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 by an act of the British parliament, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Though a medium sized country by its population, Canada has earned respect on the international stage for its strong diplomatic skills. Domestically, the country has displayed success in negotiating compromises amongst a culturally and linguistically varied population, a difficult task considering that language, culture, cuisine and even history vary significantly over the country. In contrast to the United States' image as a melting pot, Canada prefers to consider itself a mosaic of cultures and people. All Canadians are used to living and interacting with people of different ethnic backgrounds on a daily basis and will usually be quite friendly and understanding if approached in public. You will never look out of place or feel like an unusual sight while traveling Canada. The information below will get you started, but be sure to check the specifics for given regions and cities. It has universal health care, too.
Time zones
The Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming first proposed time zones for the entire world in 1876, and Canada is covered coast to coast with multiple zones.
* Yukon and most of British Columbia are within Pacific Time (UTC-7 during Daylight Saving Time, UTC-8 during Standard Time)
* Northwest Territories, Alberta, parts of eastern British Columbia and part of western Nunavut are within Mountain Time (UTC-6 during Daylight Saving Time, UTC-7 during Standard Time)
* Saskatchewan, unlike the rest of Canada, does not adjust its clocks for Daylight Savings Time and remains on Central Standard Time (or Mountain Daylight Time) year-round (UTC-6). Daylight Savings Time begins 2nd Sunday of March until 1st Sunday of November.
* Manitoba and Ontario west of Thunder Bay, as well as central Nunavut are within Central Time (UTC-5 during Daylight Saving Time, UTC-6 during Standard Time)
* Ontario from east of Thunder Bay to most of Quebec and eastern Nunavut are within Eastern Time (UTC-4 during Daylight Saving Time, UTC-5 during Standard Time)
* Most of Labrador, north-eastern Quebec and all of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia are within Atlantic Standard Time (UTC-3 during Daylight Saving Time, UTC-4 during Standard Time)
* The island of Newfoundland has its own time zone, Newfoundland Standard Time (UTC-3:30), which is a half hour ahead of Atlantic Standard Time. The south-eastern corner of Labrador is also within this time zone.
Regions
Atlantic Provinces (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island)
maritime culture, small fishing villages, rich folk traditions
Quebec
French-speaking province, stylish and romantic Montreal, historic and European Quebec City, festival culture, lush farmland, quaint villages
Ontario
multicultural and vibrant Toronto, the Niagara wine region, the immense Boreal and Taiga forests, Ottawa—the capital, the Great Lakes coastal areas, small rural towns
Prairies (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan)
vast open and flat spaces, rocky mountains, forests, sleepy farm towns, Calgary stampede, and the West Edmonton Mall, RCMP Academy, RCMP Heritage Centre, Winnipeg Folk Music Festival
British Columbia
cosmopolitan Vancouver city, the Rocky Mountains, ancient temperate rainforest, pristine wilderness, skiing and hiking opportunities abound
The North (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon)
subarctic and arctic wilderness, mountains, glaciers and lakes
Cities
The following is a guide to cities in Canada.
Ottawa (1.1 million)
Ottawa is the capital of Canada. The city is situated along the Ontario side of the Ottawa River, opposite Gatineau, Quebec.
Unique as a North American capital, the city is bilingual with the majority of the population speaking English and a significant number also speaking French. Staff in many stores and restaurants speak both well.
Ottawa is home to many of the world's cultures as thousands of immigrants from around the world now call Ottawa home. The city is probably best known as the nation's capital but has become one of the fastest growing cities in North America owing to the booming high-tech business sector.
Ottawa has proudly remained a green city and is situated at the confluence of three rivers (Ottawa, Rideau and Gatineau) as well as the Rideau canal. Many residents make regular use of Ottawa's parks and green spaces, bikeways and cross country ski trails. Many national attractions are located in Ottawa: Parliament Hill; the National Library and Archives; the National Gallery; as well as the Museums of Civilization, Contemporary Photography, Nature, War and Science & Technology.
If you enjoy the outdoors, especially if you are a cyclist, you should definitely visit Gatineau Park just across the river from Ottawa. Bicycles can be rented during the summer months at the northeast corner of the Chateau Laurier. Ottawa and the surrounding area boasts over 170km of public paved trails on which you can run, bike, walk or rollerblade. These trails extend throughout Ottawa, to the Quebec side of the Ottawa River and lead all the way to Gatineau Park and beyond. In addition, many of these trails pass by some of Canada's most famous political and civic landmarks, making running or biking an excellent way to see the city.
In winter, go skating on the largest outdoor skating rink in the world, the Rideau canal. Skates can be rented, and refreshments purchased, from vendors right on the ice. This is also a great place to enjoy a "beaver tail" which is a local specialty - a bit like funnel cake, often enjoyed with lemon and sugar. The city's trail system serves as an excellent cross-country ski trail system, as do the trails in Gatineau Park.
Parliament Hill — the primary attraction for most visitors is Parliament Hill. Parliament Hill is in the middle of downtown Ottawa, overlooking the Ottawa River. Not only is the building a fine example of the Gothic revival style, it makes an excellent starting point to visit all other points of interest in the area. Tours of the building are available daily with multiple tours (in both official languages) available at staggered times throughout the day. The centre block tour is the most popular as it includes inside views of the House of Commons, the Senate, and the newly renovated Library of Parliament.
Parliament Hill Sound & Light Show — developed by the National Capital Commission, the Sound & Light Show is a 30 minute film about Canada projected on the centre block of the Parliament Buildings. Bleacher seating is available and no reservations or tickets required. There are two showings nightly during the summer months.
Canadian War Museum — Moved to a new building west of downtown in 2005 but still within walking distance of the downtown attractions, the museum presents Canada's involvement in armed conflict beginning with battles between the French and British, through to the World Wars, Korea, and the country's current involvement in NATO and UN operations.
Museum of Civilization — This museum presents the story of Canada's population beginning with Aboriginal migration across the Bering Strait through European settlement by the Vikings around 1000 CE, and the British and French in the 1500s. The museum is full of a variety of items ranging from full size Salish totem poles to the recreation of a small prairie town complete with grain elevator. The museum also includes an exhibit on Canada Post and a separate museum for children.
Calgary (1.0 million)
Calgary, a city in Alberta, Canada, lies where the prairies end and the foothills begin. As such, it is the eastern gateway to the Rocky Mountains and an important centre of trade and tourism for the western prairies. It is your most likely point of access for Banff and Jasper, and a worthwhile destination in its own right. With a population of about 1.1 million, Calgary is also the hub of the country's fifth largest metropolitan area and the largest between Vancouver and Toronto.
Downtown Office Core: Calgary's dense business area is roughly bounded by 3rd Avenue S (on the north), 9th Avenue S (on the south), 2nd Street East and 9th St W. Many of the buildings are connected via a 16 km (10 mile) long network of elevated walkways and bridges. Most of these walkways are enclosed or covered, allowing pedestrians sheltered travel between downtown buildings. The system, known as the "+15" is the largest of its kind in the world.
Eau Claire/Festival District: A mix of riverside condominiums, unique shopping, restaurants, hotels, and urban parkland make Eau Claire and the Festival District among Calgary's liveliest urban districts. The area, which was developed from reclaimed industrial land fronts the Bow River and sits immediately north of 3rd Avenue S. North of Eau Claire is the picturesque, Prince's Island Park. In the summer, the Festival District can be found crowded with people enjoying the sights and sounds of Eau Claire Festival Market, one of the areas many pubs and restaurants, or a weekend festival. It is also the perfect starting off point for a stroll along one of the many scenic paths along the Bow River or Prince's Island.
Stephen Avenue Walk: This area, which includes the Stephen Avenue pedestrian mall is located south of the Office Core along 8th Avenue S (between 5th Street W and 1st Street E). Stephen Avenue itself forms the heart of downtown Calgary's shopping and retail zone. Immediately adjacent to the outdoor portion of Stephen Avenue is an indoor complex of three shopping malls. The malls, TD Square, Eaton Centre, and Scotia Centre span a number of city blocks. Everything from Gap to high-end retailers and boutiques such as Holt Renfrew and Bang and Olufsen can be found here. The street is also home to a number of galleries, restaurants, pubs, off-beat cinemas, and nightclubs.
The Calgary Tower: The Calgary Tower may not be quite as impressive as the CN Tower in Toronto, but it still commands a great view over the city and the surroundings. On a clear day you can see the Rockies to the west. It features a revolving gourmet restaurant, a bar, and an observation deck. The tower backs onto railway tracks and some run down blocks on the 10th Avenue side and is best approached from 8th Avenue for a more enjoyable experience.
Chinatown: Canada's third largest Chinatown is located in the northeast portion of downtown Calgary. It is the heart of Calgary's Asian diaspora, although much of north and east Calgary has a Pacific Rim influence. The area of about a half-dozen blocks is located along Centre Street S, from 4 Ave S (on the south) to the Bow River (on the north). Calgary's Chinatown packs in a dense network of Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese and other Asian restaurants, shops, housing and cultural facilities. The area along Centre Street on the north side of the river almost functions as a loosely organized "second Chinatown" with Chinese-oriented businesses stretching for 20 or more blocks.
The Beltline and 17th Avenue: 17th Avenue S is Calgary's premiere place to see and be seen. It boasts a large and eclectic variety of restaurants, unique shops, boutiques, and bars. This street is where Calgary parties, most notably becoming the "Red Mile" during the 2004 Stanley Cup (hockey) playoffs, where up to 100,000 cheering fans gathered to celebrate victories by the hometown Flames.
The Stampede Grounds: The site of Calgary's world-famous exhibition and rodeo, the Calgary Stampede grounds are located on the east end of the Beltline in Victoria Park. Not only are the grounds the site of the excitement of every July's Calgary Stampede, they also house a conference and exhibition centre (the Round-Up Centre) and a casino.
Inglewood: Inglewood is Calgary's oldest neighbourhood and the site of the city's original downtown. It is also one of Calgary's most culturally influenced and eclectic areas. Inglewood contains everything from stores targeted at bikers, to unique boutiques, antique stores, galleries, and restaurants. It is not as developed as some of the city's downtown districts, but it is quickly becoming one of the city's most popular "urban chic" neighbourhoods.
Kensington. Kensington is located along the Bow River on the north side of downtown. It is another one of Calgary's notable shopping neighbourhoods, with a somewhat more bohemian feel than 17th Avenue (one particular store specializes Birkenstocks and Futons). It offers a good variety of restaurants, with more of an emphasis on coffee shops than on bars.
Canada Olympic Park. Take a tour of the site of the 1988 Winter Olympics, which includes going to the top of the ski jump for a fantastic view. 4 runs are available for your skiing pleasure during the winter months, and there is also an on-site museum, as well as the Canadian Olympic Hall Of Fame. The halfpipe and rail park are frequented by some very talented skiiers and snowboarders, making for interesting viewing. The COP hosts Canada's only bobsled track (until Whistler's track is finished) and they offer rides on certain dates during winter.
Heritage Park. One of the largest living historical villages in North America, on 66 acres of land near the Glenmore Reservoir. Attractions include a working Steam Engine, 155 historical exhibits, a candy store and bakery, old fashioned amusement park and ride on the S. S. Moyie, a paddlewheel boat.
EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts. The epicentre of Calgary's theatre scene, the EPCOR Centre hosts the three best-known professional theatre groups; the conservative Theatre Calgary, the more adventurous Alberta Theatre Projects (ATP), and the downright avant-garde One Yellow Rabbit Perfomance Theatre (OYR). The facility has two additional theatres, so other companies often produce shows here. Of special note are two festivals held by the resident companies; OYR's High Performance Rodeo runs for January and provides a wildly eclectic mix of performing arts (and performance art) while ATP's PlayRites runs from February into early March and focuses on new works.
Edmonton (1.0 million)
Edmonton is the capital city of Alberta and home to much of that province's industry. It is well known as the cultural centre of Alberta, and has been nicknamed Festival City of Canada. Events and attractions like The Edmonton Fringe Festival (North America's largest), West Edmonton Mall (again, North America's largest) and Fort Edmonton Park make Edmonton the largest tourist destination in the province of Alberta.
Edmonton is a northern North American city with a metro population of over 1,040,000 (2006), and one of the largest northern cities in the world. Its location makes for long winters, but the compensating rewards include sunny comfortable summers with daylight and dusk stretching as late as 11PM in June and July.
Edmonton is a surprisingly lively city for an area covered in snow 6 months of the year. Called the "Vegas of the North" by some, due to the numerous opportunities for gambling in the area. The summer brings many festivals into the city, and with Canada's most impressive mountain parks a half-day's drive away, Edmonton is fun year-round.
Edmonton is home to many avid skiers, and several smallish ski hills can be found within the city limits. These facilities help keep locals amused until they can get away to the Rockies.
Alberta has a keen fascination with golf, based to a great degree on the province's sunny summers, vast number of developed courses and connecting roadways, and low prices. Edmonton benefits by containing or being within a quick drive of dozens of excellent courses. Most are public, and the few private courses are not spectacular enough that you will feel you're missing much by sticking to the public courses.
Alberta Legislature Building. Beautiful to visit any time of the year at any time of the day. In December the grounds are lit with thousands of lights and there is a skating pond one can use. In the summer you can wade in the pools and play in the fountains that are just north of the building. There is security walking around and it is quite safe even later in the evening.
Muttart Conservatory. The four glass pyramids rising out of the river valley are a unique Edmonton landmark. Inside, they house three distinct climate zones and a fourth seasonal display, packed with several hundred plant varieties.
River Valley Parks, Wonderful walking, jogging and cycling paths through the River Valley. There are over a hundred kilometers of walking, biking, and skiing trails joining them along the banks and flood plains of the North Saskatchewan river. Altogether, the city's trails and parks make up the largest connected urban parkland in North America. One of the most popular parks is Hawrelak Park, located just off Groat Road near the University of Alberta. It encircles a large pond, home to a variety of ducks and geese in summer. It's the site of a variety of different festivals, including Shakespeare in the Park and Symphony Under the Sky. In winter after the ice has frozen thick enough it is a popular venue for outdoor ice skating.
West Edmonton Mall. With the dubious distinction of being the largest indoor shopping and entertainment center in North America, this is definitely one of Edmonton's unique attractions. There are more than 900 stores and services, as well as the Galaxyland amusement park, the World Waterpark, the Fantasyland hotel, the Europa shopping district, Chinatown, an exotic flamingo wading pool, sea lion shows, a realistic replica of the Santa Maria ship, casino, nightclubs, two movie theaters and an IMAX theater, a dinner theater, two mini golf centers, a skating rink, shooting range, many restaurants, and much, much more! It's a bit tacky and tourist-y, but even its detractors can't argue its ability to serve shoppers. Particularly in winter, it provides a comfortable smorgasbord of shops and entertainment well away from the chilly outdoors.
Fort Edmonton Park. Canada's largest living historic park, and one of Edmonton's premier tourist attractions. Located in the middle of Edmonton, this reconstructed fort lies five kilometers upstream from its original location, representing it as it stood in 1846. The park represents four distinct time periods, exhibiting phases in Edmonton's development from an isolated fur trade post in the vast Northwest to a booming metropolitan center after the First World War.
Halifax (373,000)
Halifax is the capital city of Nova Scotia and the largest city in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. The city's origins and rich maritime history derive from a strategic location and one of the world's great natural harbours. In the 19th and early 20th century, Halifax was the entry point for European immigration to Canada. Today, Halifax is a busy Atlantic seaport and the economic and cultural hub of Eastern Canada.
Waterfront, A boardwalk with a great variety of historic buildings, shops, restaurants, and other entertainment. Theodore Tugboat, a WWII era Corvette, and other ships line the harbour. During the summer months, there are many harbour boat tours that launch from here.
Northwest Arm. Take a trip up the beautiful Northwest Arm to see the historic Dingle tower in Flemming Park, watch the numerous sailboats out for a weekend cruise or catch a regatta if you're lucky. Gawk at some of the mansions that line the water or for the ambitious, head all the way up to Point Pleasant Park, where the Northwest Arm meets Halifax Harbour.
The Halifax Citadel. An old fort on a hill overlooking the city and the harbour. Presently, the citadel is a national historic site and home to a museum and a small ceremonial garrison. A must see, especially during Canada day (1 July) celebrations. The museum is open only May-Oct, but the grounds are open all year around. During the summer, you can see the ceremonial cannon firing at noon.
Pier 21. Canada's equivalent of New York's Ellis Island, this historic waterfront building processed over a million immigrants. Now converted into a modern museum with extensive exhibits related to Canadian immigration.
The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic: located on the downtown waterfront. The collection includes exhibits and artifacts related to the sinking of the Titanic and the devastating 1917 Halifax explosion. The CSS Acadia, a hydrographic survey ship built in 1913, is an ongoing conservation project. The Acadia is moored a few meters from the museum building; tours are available during the summer.
Province House. Home to Canada's oldest provincial legislature and of Britain's first overseas self-government. A fine example of Georgian architecture, the building first opened in 1842. Visitors can learn about the history of the site and the current Legislative Assembly through guided tours, displays and an audio-visual presentation. Province House is open year-round.
Farmers' Market. The oldest running Farmer's Market in North America, located in a crazy maze of underground halls and passageways in and around the Alexander Keith brewery. Always very busy with people buying ethnic and local foods, plants, artwork, clothing and all sorts of other interesting stuff that you may or may not expect to find at a Farmer's Market. Don't haggle. Buskers play music in the hallways between retail areas. This market is held indoors so it is open year-round, but only on Saturdays from 7 AM to 1 PM.
Montreal (3.6 million)
Montreal is the cultural capital of Quebec and the main entry point to the province. The second largest city in Canada, it is a city rich in culture and history, has an inordinate number of attractive, fashionably dressed people, and a well-deserved reputation as one of the liveliest cities in North America. Montreal is home to the second-largest population of native French speakers in the world, behind Paris.
Montreal is an extremely inviting destination for gay and lesbian tourists and it is arguably the most gay-friendly city in North America. Montreal has the largest gay village in North America (rue Sainte-Catherine from rue Saint-Hubert (métro Berri-UQAM) to avenue Papineau (métro Papineau). The métro station halfway between the two, Beaudry, is marked with rainbow pillars. Montreal's pride celebration, Divers/Cité (last week of July, first week of August) is the second largest in North America after Toronto's.
Vieux Montréal, or the Old City, is what many visitors come to Montreal for: old cobblestoned streets lined with buildings dating from the 17th through 19th centuries, grand old French restaurants, history museums, and the riverfront Old Port. That's not to say that the Old City is completely removed from the rest of Montreal — back a few blocks from the mimes and steakhouses, you'll find warehouses converted to boutique shops and loft apartments.
During the summer, Place Jacques-Cartier is packed with street performers and restaurant terraces overflowing with tourists. Winter presents a much more subdued scene, with bundled figures hurrying from gallery to restaurant to hotel in the cold and snow.
Vieux-Port (Old Port). The Old Port is a large waterfront green space with attractions such as Cirque du Soleil, the Montreal Science Center, the Labyrinth, the Clock Tower, and a large outdoor audio-visual stage which is the site for the Canada Day fireworks.
Place Jacques-Cartier. Pedestrian street filled with street artists and musicians, and there are numerous fine restaurants and private art galleries nearby.
Basilique Notre-Dame. Probably the city's most spectacular church, a gem of Victorian Gothic. During service, the organ music is not to be missed.
Chinatown, accessible at the Place-D'Armes metro station, is one of the largest Asian communities in Canada. It is known best for its many restaurants and gift shops.
Grande Bibliothèque du Québec. Part of the Bibliothèque Nationale, this is a massive library housing four million works. The building itself is a contemporary style building integrating art and architecture including a glass mural, a kinetic luminous mural, a sculpture garden, and varying museum-style displays in the lower-level gallery. The tiles that cover the outside of the building are made to resemble a closed book. Architectural tours are offered: call the library for information.
The Underground City, throughout the downtown area. This network of underground malls and passageways is a very convenient way to walk around during the winter months. It encompasses six metro stations on the green and orange lines and all of the major downtown shopping malls, including food courts, cinemas, innumerable boutiques, and services.
Biodôme. The former Olympic Velodrome is now a showcase of different ecosystems.
Jardin Botanique. Huge and stunning botanical garden, featuring numerous themed gardens. Admission includes admission to the Montreal Insectarium (see next entry). After 5PM the indoor section closes and the outdoor part is free until it closes at sundown. During winter only the greenhouses are open to visitors.
Insectarium. The Insectarium is a museum centered on the insect world. A few living specimens and many displays, with occasional special exhibits, sometimes offering visitors the opportunity to eat various insect-based dishes from around the world. The Insectarium is attached to the Botanical Gardens and tickets can only be purchased for both.
Olympic Stadium. Built for the 1976 Montreal Olympics, this amazing and controversial building's tower (from which the roof is suspended) is the world's tallest leaning structure. The roof, which could originally be raised, has been replaced numerous times and is the source of great local controversy. You can take a funicular to the top of the Olympic Tower for an incredible view of the city. Also has a public sports center that includes an Olympic-size swimming pool.
St. Joseph's Oratory. The largest church in Canada. A favourite pilgrimage for devotees of Brother André, who was reputed to have healed the sick and handicapped. Includes a remarkable collection of crutches and canes from the healed. During the summer, it is also possible to stroll through the beautiful garden next to the Oratory which features the Stages of the Cross in marble sculptures. The garden is peaceful and beautifully maintained. The views from both the Oratory and the garden are magnificent and well-worth the climb. Watch for the faithful climbing on their knees to the top.
Outremont, once its own town, was incorporated into Montreal in 2002. Located five minutes from downtown, it is a predominately residential area, home to well-known Québec artists and celebrities and to Montreal's Hasidic Jewish community. Outremont offers shopping and dining along popular Bernard and Laurier Streets.
Habitat 67. This visually striking residential building was created by architect Moshe Safdie for Expo 67. The result was an amazingly modern dwelling that challenged the way architects created urban homes. Compared alternately to a beehive, a Taos pueblo, and a crystalline growth, the complex's 154 units are composed of prefabricated concrete cubes assembled on site. The apartments here are highly prized and a number of prominent Montrealers make Habitat 67 their home.
Quebec City (715,000)
Quebec City is the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. Located at a commanding position on cliffs overlooking the St. Lawrence Seaway, Quebec City's Old Town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Orienting yourself in Quebec is fairly easy. Practically all sights of interest are in the Old Town (Vieux-Québec), which is divided in two: the walled city on top of the hill is known as Haute-Ville ("Upper Town"), and the neighborhood between the walled city and the river is Basse-Ville ("Lower Town"). The two are connected by the aptly-named Escalier Casse-Cou ("Breakneck Stairs") and the rather easier funicular.
The Old Town is now a tourist district with many small boutiques and hundreds of historical and photographic points of interest. Some of the buildings are original structures, while others are built in the same style and architecture as former buildings.
Chateau Frontenac. Quebec City icon. Claimed to be the most photographed hotel in North America. Stay the night if you can and pop in for a martini if you can't.
Dufferin Terrace. Boardwalk situated alongside (east of) the Chateau Frontenac, and offers a grand view of the St. Lawrence river.
The Citadel, this fortification at the juncture of the Old City wall and Grand Allée holds a changing of the guard ceremony mornings at 10 am complete with funny fur hats, weather permitting.
Plains of Abraham Battlefield Park. (Outside the Old City walls) Site of the 1759 battle that saw the British conquer Quebec, now used for public events, sports, and leisure activities, including cross-country skiing and snowshoeing.
Observatoire de la Capitale. (Outside the Old City walls) One of the tallest buildings in Quebec, offering a panoramic view of the whole city.
Place-Royale. The spot where Samuel de Champlain landed in 1608 and founded the first French settlement in North America, now converted into a postcard-pretty public square. Don't miss the huge mural covering the entire side of a nearby building; the figure with a hat standing at the base of the 'street' is Champlain.
Parc du Bois-de-Coulonge. Residence of past lieutenant-governors from 1870-1966 and spread over 24 hectares, this garden features heritage buildings, wooded areas and gardens.
Ice Hotel. One of only two ice hotels in the world, from January to early April the Ice Hotel is a must-see. $15 will get you full tour during the day, after 8pm access to the guest rooms is restricted to guests only. Each room is themed and decorated with exquisite ice sculptures. Includes an ice bar where you can get a drink served in an ice glass. For the romantics, there is a wedding chapel complete with snow pews.
Winter Carnival, city-wide, first week of February. A truly spectacular event, the Winter Carnival is a 100-year tradition in Quebec City. Each year, a giant ice palace is built in the Place Jacques-Cartier as the headquarters of the festivities, but there's activities all during the week. The International Ice Sculpture Competition sees teams from around the world build monumental sculptures. There are 3 parades during the event in different quarters of the city, and other winter-defying competitions including a canoe race across the St. Lawrence and a group snow bath. The festival's mascot, Bonhomme Carnaval, a sashed snowman, is the city's most famous logo.
Toronto (5.1 million)
Toronto is Canada's largest city and the main economic centre. Toronto is known mainly for its multiculturalism, filled with ethnic neighbourhoods. Toronto is also home to a number of efforts to revitalize depressed neighbourhoods, a successful example is the Distillery District.
Toronto has so many varied neighborhoods that a random walk is fascinating in its own right. You might start in the Downtown area and then try other neighborhoods around the city. You will also find that Toronto is "the city within a park", with miles and miles of parkland following the streams and rivers that flow through the city. Edwards Gardens and the Toronto Botanical Gardens in the neighborhood of North York might just be the place to start exploring this natural environment.
Beaches - Toronto has some excellent beaches in the east end that offer typical beach activities such as volleyball, bike/rollerblading paths and a boardwalk along the water. Lake Ontario tends to be quite cool, even in mid-summer, and is cleaner than its local reputation might suggest - testing is conducted regularly and beaches have notices posted if the water is considered unsafe for swimming. The Toronto Islands tend to have the cleanest beaches (including a clothing-optional beach at Hanlan's point).
Theater - Toronto has a great theater scene for every taste and budget. Check out the big theaters on King Street and Yonge Street for the big splashy (and pricey) shows, such as the former runs of Chicago, The Lion King, Les Miz, Cats, etc. Small theaters in the Annex and elsewhere offer smaller productions that range from original Canadian works, avant-garde, experimental theater, small budget musicals to British murder mysteries. Also try to check out the new Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, the brand new (2006) home of the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada. The Toronto Symphony plays in the recently acoustically renovated Roy Thomson Hall.
Toronto Islands are a small island chain in Toronto harbour also known as the Toronto Island Park. The Islands provide the most spectacular view of Toronto’s impressive skyline, and are user friendly; signs instruct visitors to “Please walk on the grass”! There are no cars allowed, which make the area a favourite for cyclists, walkers and rollerblade enthusiasts. The many lagoons and waterways are populated by ducks and swans, and some areas are off-limits to people, designated instead as “wilderness zones” for migratory birds.
The three major islands - there are eight islands with names and several without - are connected by a tram system. And each has its own atmosphere. The most popular is Centre Island, which features huge picnic areas, greenspace, a maze, a beach, a chapel, and award-winning gardens. It also features an amusement park geared towards younger children. 'Centreville' has some 30 rides, a petting zoo featuring farm animals and pony rides, and picturesque swan boats circling a small lagoon.
Gibraltar Point lighthouse, on the southwestern tip of the islands, has stood since 1808 and quickly became home to one of Toronto’s oldest mysteries when, in 1815, its first keeper, J.P. Radan Muller, disappeared. A subsequent lighthouse keeper found skeletal remains years later. Believed to have been beaten to death by soldiers from nearby Fort York, Muller is said to haunt the lighthouse to this day, as a plaque on the grounds will attest to.
Canada's Wonderland is a big theme park located in Vaughan, 30 kilometers north of downtown Toronto. It is considered one of North America's premier amusement parks, with more than 200 attractions. The park is open seasonally from May to October.
Little Italy/Portugal Village- This is the spot to get a sense of the Western Mediterranean. Sit at one of the many coffee shops and watch the world go by on the weekends. A great time to visit is during the World Cup of Soccer (regardless of where in the World it is actually being held) as both communities face off and rivalries reach a fever pitch. Recently the rivalries have begun to infect adjacent communities and it is now getting to the point that the entire city is being draped in a mind numbing variety of flags once every four years.
Art Gallery of Ontario -This is the largest art gallery in Canada. It has a great Canadian paintings exhibit and the world's largest collection of Henry Moore sculptures. The European paintings exhibit has a few excellent pieces and will have one of the world's most expensive paintings on view (Reuben's massacre of the innocents)when it re-opens in 2009.
Ontario Science Centre -Lots of hands on science exhibits, including a rainforest, a tornado machine, sound proof tunnel, balace testing machines, and more. It also contains Ontario's only Omnimax (full wrap around) movie theatre.
CN Tower - The tallest free standing structure in North America. You can ride a glass elevator to the top. The view is incredible and there is a glass floor, which for some is very scary to walk on. There is also a revolving restaurant which offers spectacular views as the sun sets over the city.
Casa Loma - Visit Canada's Majestic Castle, Casa Loma and step back in time to a period of European elegance and splendour. The former home of Canadian financier Sir Henry Pellatt, Canada's foremost castle is complete with decorated suites, secret passages, an 800-foot tunnel, towers, stables, and beautiful 5-acre estate gardens (open May through October).
Black Creek Pioneer Village - historic site in northern part of Toronto, just west of York University and southeast of the Jane and Steeles intersection. It overlooks Black Creek, a tributary of the Humber River. The village is a recreation of life in 19th-century Ontario and consists of over forty historic 19th century buildings, decorated in the style of the 1860s with period furnishings and actors portraying villagers. The village is populated with ducks, horses, sheep, and other livestock and is self-explored, although many of the individual sites will have a guide inside to explain details of the structure. Visiting in the fall, after the summer, is a great way to see the village, as weekdays will see the facility almost empty of other visitors.
Shopping in Toronto
Yonge Street is locally regarded as the longest street in the world. This is actually not true, but it's best not to argue with the locals about it. It runs from the edge of the lake to about 100 km north of the city. The in-town end is a touristy-shopping district with many restaurants, souvenir and gift shops, etc.
Yorkville is the high-end shopping district of Toronto. Once a haven for Toronto's hippie population, it is located just north of Bloor and Bay Streets and is now home to many designer boutiques. During the annual Toronto Film Festival the area is "ground-zero" for celebrity watching.
Located a short walk west of the Eaton Centre is the city's fashion district along Queen Street West, an area usually bustling with local hipsters looking for the latest looks in a variety of trendy stores. The stretch between University Ave. and Spadina tends to be much more mainstream with an ever increasing number of chain stores. More offbeat choices can be found west of Spadina Ave. stretching all the way into Parkdale.
Kensington Market, around College and Spadina, was once a center of Jewish life but has morphed into the center of Toronto's bohemian scene. Visitors will be assaulted by sounds and smells unlike anywhere else in the city, as narrow streets bustle with immigrants, punks, and yuppies alike. Stores include surplus shops, coffee houses, clothing vendors, and record stores. Fish and fruit markets are also present in great numbers, and the area is experiencing a boom of South American food stalls of late. Several weekends throughout the summer are designated "car-free" by the city, but even on the average weekend this is a place to avoid with a car, as pedestrians tend to wander as they please.
The 'PATH' System stretches from the Eaton Centre south to Union Station, an underground shopping mall has been created for all the commuters to get from Union Station to their offices and back without ever going outside. In a city of Toronto's summer heat and winter cold, this is essential.
Scarborough boasts Kennedy Avenue from Lawrence Avenue East to Ellesmere Avenue, a commercial district featuring dozens of independent furniture, electronic, houseware and computer businesses that all share some of the best deals the city has to offer, together with a couple of large electronic chains.
Vancouver (2.1 million)
Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area in Western Canada, and third largest in Canada. Located at the southwestern corner of the coastal province of British Columbia, it is well known for its majestic natural beauty, as it is nestled between the Coast Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It is frequently ranked as one of the "best cities to live in" and is certainly a beautiful destination to visit. Vancouver will be the host of the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Vancouver is perhaps best known for its scenic beauty, and the opportunities afforded by its natural environment. Vancouver is one of those rare places where you could theoretically ski in the mountains, windsurf in the ocean, and play a round of golf all in the same day. Surrounded by water on three sides, and crowned by the North Shore mountains, Vancouver is a great destination in itself, as well a a great starting point for discovering the area's many outdoor activities.
If you are coming to the city for a ski holiday, the best time to visit is February; the region has a great record for excellent ski conditions during this month, once you get to altitudes above the constant rain.
The City Center district is the heart of Vancouver. Unlike many North American cities, there is a very high density of residential areas in the downtown core, second only to Manhattan in North America. This includes the very exclusive high-rise areas of Yaletown, Coal Harbour and the huge Concorde Pacific development on the north side of False Creek. It also includes the Stanley Park, West End, Gastown and Vancouver's Chinatown.
Vancouver Lookout. Located on the top floor of the Harbour Centre, the Lookout offers a full 360-degree panoramic view of the city from 130m up. You'll see the downtown area, Stanley Park, the North Shore mountains and even the skyline of nearby Burnaby.
Science World. This science centre is located in the distinctive building from Expo 86 at the end of False Creek. Has a wide range of participatory exhibits. Get off the Skytrain at the Main St/Science World station. The building is a unique shaped building that was constructed for Expo 86. Popular with the young and with those who like science.
Vancouver Public Library. The modern and attractive central branch of the City of Vancouver's Public Library is located in an architecturally interesting building, designed by Moshe Safdie. It was chosen in a public design competition and is based on a Roman Colosseum. There are large public spaces around the building and a nice atrium space in the lobby.
Yaletown and the Vancouver Marina are a beautiful micro-community in the heart of downtown. Take a walk through this area, check out the yuppie side of Vancouver. Hamilton & Mainland Streets are in actuality lanes (or back-alleys) with old loading docks, but have been converted into European-style high-curb streets.
Gastown is the oldest part of downtown. You will find cobble-paved boulevards and over-priced tourist traps selling every imaginable thing you can print "Vancouver" on. Popular with tourists are the Gastown Steam Clock, promoted as the only active steam clock in the world but in fact an electric clock that pumps steam rather an underwhelming experience; the Gassy Jack sculpture immortalizing the legendary Vancouver pioneer.
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden. A Ming-dynasty style garden located in Chinatown. The gardens combines traditional Chinese buildings, plants, a small lake, and curved footpaths to create the illusion of a very big place within a single block.
Stanley Park - With 1000 acres of mostly forested land at the western tip of downtown this is one of North America's largest urban parks, and quite literally, is an oasis of wilderness in the middle of the city. The park is surrounded in its entirety by a 9km paved path called the seawall; a great place for rollerblading, cycling, jogging or just taking a pleasant walk. There is also hundreds of kilometers of inland trails crisscrossing the park in every direction. Stanley Park park attracts over 8 million visitors per year. The park includes both heavily forested natural areas, manicured gardens and totem poles. As tall and old as the trees appear, it is interesting to know that much of them are second-growth, as the area was heavily logged from 1860-1880.
Vancouver Aquarium. Located in Stanley Park near its eastern edge. Be sure to visit the Amazon River section for some truly unusual and extraordinary animals. The last weekend in April, there is a salmon release event where you can learn about the Aquarium's new salmon breeding program and get to release and name your own fish.
Children's Farmyard and Miniature Railway. Young children always like to see and pet farm animals and who doesn't like to ride a miniature railway? At Christmas, there is a very popular light display for the miniature railway.
Second Beach Pool - A very large heated outdoor swimming pool. Alternatively you could swim at the beach or use the spray park near Lumberman's arch for no charge. There are lifeguards at both Second Beach and Third Beach.
Festival of Lights (Fireworks). Seen one fireworks show, seen them all? Think again. Most Vancouverites come out to this event to enjoy the beach, the breeze and the hundreds of thousands of people who turn out. The fireworks themselves are just the excuse. Four shows, late July/early August.
North Shore
The North Shore of the Burrard Inlet is a suburban area of Vancouver in the Lower Mainland, British Columbia, Canada. The North Shore is where dense urban meets dramatic tall mountains. The mountains provide attractions like the Grouse Mountain ski resort. At the west of the North Shore is Horseshoe Bay, ferry terminal to the Sunshine Coast.
The North Shore has also been shaped by the recreation opportunities it offers to locals and tourists alike. Early enthusiasts from Vancouver and elsewhere would brave ferry rides and long treks up the local mountains to go skiing or hiking. Over the years, parks were set aside, trails cut and ski areas built to make it more accessible. The local mountains were early hot-spots for and helped push snowboarding and mountain biking and remain favorite locations for pro photo shoots. Many people choose to live in the North Shore today for the lifestyle options it offers.
Grouse Mountain - Board the Grouse Mountain Skyride at the parking lot and be carried up the mountain to the "Peak of Vancouver". Up top, there are various activities including (depending on the time of the year) hiking, skiing, ice skating, helicopter tours, a lumberjack show and a refuge for endangered animals. Indoors, there are restaurants, two shops and a theater. And if you tire of all that, there's always the view of Vancouver laid out below you.
Cypress Mountain is in Cypress Provincial Park. The downhill area is spread across two mountains and has the largest vertical of the North Shore skifields with a good mix of beginner, intermediate and advanced runs. There is a cross-country and tubing area around Hollyburn Mountain. Cypress is usually open from 9 am to 4 pm throughout the season, with night skiing (closes at 10 pm) starting in early/mid Dec and extending until March.
Mount Seymour is located in Mt. Seymour Provincial Park. It provides downhill skiing, tubing, a toboggan area and snowshoeing. The ski area is usually open from 9:30 am to 4 pm throughout the season, with night skiing (closes at 10 pm) starting in early/mid Dec and extending until March.
Capilano Suspension Bridge - The largest of the two suspension bridges in the North Shore at 137 m across and sitting 70 m above the Capilano River, the Capilano Suspension Bridge offers visitors more than a wobbly walk. The area includes nature trails, Treetops (a series of elevated platforms near the tree canopy), a First Nations cultural center and several restaurants.
Capilano Fish Hatchery - This is a working fish hatchery on the Capilano river in the Capilano River Regional Park. There are many displays about salmon and the glass walls allow you to see the salmon jumping up the ladder during spawning season (roughly July to November). Within the park, there are many hiking trails and a picnic area at the Cleveland Dam.
Lighthouse Park - Trails wind over and around huge glacial boulders and old-growth forest, some leading down to various beaches with views of Vancouver. Very quiet and peaceful. There are picnic facilities (no fires permitted), bathrooms, and in season wildlife lectures. A great place for families with kids.
Lynn Canyon Park - The park, set on Lynn Creek in North Vancouver, contains both the Lynn Canyon Suspension Bridge and the Lynn Valley Ecology Centre. The bridge, though smaller than the Capilano Suspension Bridge, is just as much fun to cross and connects to hiking trails on the both sides of the creek. The ecology center has a number of displays on ecology and many activities for young kids.
Maplewood Farm - Once a working farm, Maplewood Farm is now open to the public so they can see what farming in North Vancouver was like. There are a number of traditional farm animals and a few more exotic animals. For kids, there are goats and rabbits to pet, ducks to feed and daily milking demonstrations. In the summer pony rides are often available for an extra charge on weekends.
Winnipeg (695,000)
Winnipeg is a city in the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is a major Canadian centre on the Prairies. "The Peg" is a city as diverse in and of itself as the whole of Canada. It is the capital and largest city in Manitoba. The city experienced a boom during the early 20th century, and for while was western Canada's major economic centre. Fortunately for the visitor, the economy slowed around the middle of the century, leaving intact a remarkable collection of period architecture, primarily in the city's downtown Exchange district.
The Red and Assiniboine rivers form Winnipeg's most prominent geographical features, and have played an important role in this city's development. "The Forks," where the Assiniboine flows into the Red, has been a meeting place since Aboriginal peoples first came there to trade. Today, it's the city's top tourist destination, with shops and restaurants representing the city's many ethnic groups, and a well-maintained expanse of riverside park.
Winnipeg is off the tourist trail for most visitors to Canada, and the visitor will experience an authentic and friendly Canadian Prairie City which leaves many pleasantly surprised.
The Forks. A tourist attraction on the Red River. The Forks Market offers fresh and speciality foods plus more than 50 unique shops - housed in an eclectic and historic building that was originally a horse stable. The market has an excellent food court with various ethnic food options including favourites 'Taste of Sri Lanka' and 'Bindy's Caribbean Delights'. Head to the hayloft for handicrafts and one-of-a-kind items from clothing and artisan-inspired gifts to jewellery, toys and much more. In the winter you can rent ice skates and go skating down the Red River. In the summer, there are special events and outdoor entertainment almost daily, not to mention some fantastic patios and outdoor bars. If you're visiting Winnipeg, it's a must-see.
The Royal Canadian Mint. The Royal Canadian Mint’s facility in Winnipeg, designed by local architect Etienne Gaboury, produces billions of coins each year. This is where ALL our Canadian circulation coins are made, as well as those for 60+ governments all around the world. A fascinating guided tour includes the viewing of a 5-minute video in the theatre area followed by a 40-minute walking tour overlooking the state-of-the-art manufacturing facility where the precise art, craft, and science of coin-making is revealed.
The Exchange District. The heart of historic downtown Winnipeg is the Exchange District, an area of 20 blocks and more than 150 turn of the century buildings from Winnipeg's boom time. This National Historic Site is home to many art galleries, art-house theatres and other cultural institutions, but the architecture itself have made it an attraction for visitors to the city. The area has also served as the backdrop for many films such as The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote, often standing in for historic areas of Chicago and New York City.
The Aboriginal Centre. Located in the historic CP Rail Station, the Centre is a gathering place and vital central resource for Winnipeg’s Aboriginal community. Visitors will enjoy seeing the Rotunda area, complete with the original doorways through which many travellers passed, restored to its former grandeur. The Aboriginal Centre Restaurant provides tour groups and the casual lunch crowd, the opportunity to experience traditional Aboriginal cuisine. The Aboriginal culture is featured in various art forms at Canadian Plains Gallery.
Manitoba Legislative Building. Visit Manitoba’s beloved "Golden Boy", who is perched atop the Provincial Legislative building. The Golden Boy, a magnificently gilded 5.25M (17.2-foot) figure sculpted by Charles Gardet of Paris and cast in 1918 at the Barbidienne foundry in France, is probably Manitoba's best known symbol. Embodying the spirit of enterprise and eternal youth, he is poised atop the dome of the building. Go inside the building to see the exquisite grand staircase and rotunda.
St. Boniface. The city's French quarter boasts a wide variety of activities, shops and over a dozen restaurants guaranteed to satisfy your palate. Swing and dance at the winter festival Le Festival du Voyageur, savour a home-cooked meal, visit exhibitions, take part in guided tours and view over 35 designated historical sites.
St. Boniface Cathedral. The original cathedral, built in 1908, was destroyed by fire in 1968. The remaining walls were incorporated into the design of the new church, creating a dramatic facade facing west across the Red River towards downtown Winnipeg. The cathedral is a beautiful testament to Winnipeg's history. There are also theatrical productions performed in the adjacent cemetery.
Osborne Village. This is arguably the city's main cultural centre, catering mainly to twenty-somethings. Still, the area has a good mix of businesses that cater to all ages. "The village", as it is known, runs along Osborne Street from Roslyn Road, right up to the intersections of Pembina, Osborne, and Corydon. The street is lined with boutique fashion stores catering to all walks of life (from Goth to Hipster to Earthy and back), excellent restaurants, nightspots, and arguably one of the city's better record stores, Music Trader.
The Manitoba Museum is noted for its dramatic walk-through settings including the 17th century full-size replica ship “The Nonsuch” whose voyage in 1668 led to the formation of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the Urban Gallery, which recreates boomtown Winnipeg, in the 1920’s (the ‘gateway to the west’). The museum is the province’s largest attraction hosting more than 300,000 visitors annually.
Assiniboine Park. If you are looking for a great summer outing at the park with a frisbee, this is the place to go. There is a zoo and all of its amenities on site for those wanting an attraction. Explore over 378 acres (153 hectares) along the Assiniboine River. The Zoo, Conservatory, English Garden, Leo Mol Sculpture Garden, Tudor-style pavilion, and a fine example of a French formal garden are a few of the features found in the park. Picnic areas and cycling and walking trails are popular with visitors. In the winter, enjoy cross-country skiing, tobogganing and skating on the Duck Pond.
Assiniboine Park Conservatory. View 10 different displays a year in the Floral Display Gallery, including Orchid and Bonsai shows and a special Holiday Lights Display over the Christmas season. Dating from 1914, the Palm House exhibits a tropical jungle with visitors walking under a canopy of mature tropical trees to admire orchids selected from the Conservatory’s extensive collection.
Other Destinations
Atlantic Canada
Gros Morne National Park
Gros Morne National Park is a world heritage site located on the west coast of Newfoundland. At 1,805 km2 (697 sq mi) , it is the second largest national park in Atlantic Canada. The park takes its name from Newfoundland's second-highest mountain peak (at 2,644 ft/806 m) located within the park. Its French meaning is "large mountain standing alone," or more literally "great sombre." Gros Morne is a member of the Long Range Mountains, an outlying range of the Appalachian Mountains, stretching the length of the island's west coast.
Western Brook Pond is a fresh water fjord. The water in the fjord is extremely pure and is assigned the highest purity rating available for natural bodies of water. Pissing Mare Falls, the highest waterfalls in eastern North America, flow into Western Brook Pond.
Along the coast are forests of stunted and twisted spruce and balsam fir trees, known locally as "tuckamores," battered by storms and winds blowing from the sea. Wildlife in the park includes lynx, black bear, caribou, arctic hare, marten and a booming population of introduced moose. The coastal region supports whales and sea ducks including the Harlequin Duck.
The park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for both its geological history and its exceptional scenery.
L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site
Site of an ancient Viking settlement, the earliest European settlement in North America, dating from 1000 A.D., in the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland and Labrador. Believed to be the landfall site of Leif Eriksson as related in the Vinland sagas. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Bay of Fundy
The Bay of Fundy is known for its high tidal range and the bay is contested as having the highest vertical tidal range in the world with Ungava Bay in northern Quebec and The Severn Estuary in the UK.
Hopewell Rocks - This provincial park at Hopewell Cape is most likely what you are here for. The tide swings 14m (47') here, twice every 25 hours, and the park gives you the facilities and trails to explore it. For three hours before and after low tide, you can walk on the bay floor and look up at unique "flower pot" sandstone towers topped by trees. Be sure to check the low tide times, and aim to arrive one to three hours before the lowest tide.
Saint John River Valley
The Saint John River Valley in New Brunswick, Canada, follows the Saint John River along the western border with Maine. The valley features historic wooden covered bridges, river ferries, falls, as well as artist studios and historic sites.
Peggys Cove
A scenic and historic Nova Scotia fishing community with picturesque ocean views and the world's most photographed lighthouse. Look for the metallic plaques melded into the rocks warning all who walk on the rocks that danger is imminent from crashing waves. The lighthouse includes a famous post office which operates during the summer months. Send a postcard from here to get your special postal mark. There is a souvenir shop near the lighthouse for the usual run-of-the-mill mementos. The township of Peggy's Cove is a delight for photographers - even amateurs will have an easy time taking poster-worthy pictures.
The Whalesback
Near to Peggy's Cove is the memorial to those who lost their lives in the Flight 111 crash. The monument says: "In memory of the 229 men, women and children aboard Swissair Flight 111 who perished off these shores September 2nd, 1998, They have been joined to the sea, and the sky. May they rest in peace." It is an eerie reminder of human frailty despite our amazing technological advances. There is a view back across Peggy's Cove from here as well. In summer, it is worth visiting in the evening as the sun is setting, to take advantage of the brilliant light for taking photographs.
Kejimkujik National Park
Kejimkujik National Park conserves two distinct environments:
The large main section of the park is a forested upland plain located approximately 50 kilometres inland from the South Shore and Annapolis Valley and may be accessed from Trunk 8 running between Liverpool and Annapolis Royal.
The park is named after Kejimikujik Lake, the largest lake inside the main section of the park. The many lakes and rivers form interior waterways that were important canoe routes between the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic for the ancestors of the Mi'kmaq. The park also contains the petroglyphs left behind by these inhabitants. The lake's Mi'kmaq name has been translated as "attempting to escape" or "swollen waters", possibly related to fishing weirs placed on the lake. The park's official stance is that Kejimkujik is a Mi'kmaq word meaning "tired muscles".
The smaller seaside adjunct includes white sandy beaches and coastal wetland areas. The park includes habitat for the endangered Piping Plover and other coastal birds.
Although there are numerous drive in campgrounds in Keji the park is also known for its interior camping: campsites which are only accessible by canoe or hiking in the summer, or ski or snowshoe in the winter. Keji provides excellent canoing, with numerous navigable lakes and rivers forming an interconnected system. The further a camper progresses from access points, the more wild the park becomes, and it is possible to spend several days in the interior with little or no sight of other campers. Park staff maintain portages along major routes.
Moose, deer, beaver and loon are not uncommon, especially along waterways. Black bears, though present in the park, are seldom seen. There are several uncommon species of organisms that call Kejimkujik their home. The Blanding's turtle which is considered an endangered species in Nova Scotia is similar in size to the common Painted turtle however the Blanding's is characterized by its yellow coloured neck. The Eastern Ribbonsnake is a threatened species in Nova Scotia and lives in several isolated areas in the park.
Prince Edward Island National Park
Prince Edward Island National Park is a Canadian National Park located on Prince Edward Island. Situated along the island's north shore, fronting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the park measures approximately 60 km in length and ranges from several hundred metres to several kilometres in width. Established in 1937, the park's mandate includes the protection of many broad sand beaches, sand dunes and both freshwater wetlands and saltmarshes. The park's protected beaches provide nesting habitat for the endangered Piping Plover; the park has been designated a Canadian Important Bird Area.
The Prince Edward Island National Park also includes Green Gables, which was the childhood inspiration for the Anne of Green Gables novels by author Lucy Maud Montgomery, as well as Dalvay-by-the-sea, a Victorian era mansion currently operated as an inn.
The Prairies
Banff National Park
Banff National Park is Canada'a first national park, and gave birth to the Nation Park system. At 6,641 square kilometres it is also one of the largest in Canada, if not the world. The park sees visits well into the millions annually.
Other than the townsites of Banff and Lake Louise, and the highways that bisect the park, it is about 93 percent untouched wilderness. The most dominant feature is of course the mountains, of which vistas are present from anywhere in any direction.
The most common wildlife seen in the park are Bighorn Sheep, Deer, Elk, and Caribou. More elusive are the Moose, which are on a decline in population, and Mountain Goats, which are virtually undetectable on the mountainsides without a good pair of binoculars. Although sightings are rare, it is important to keep in mind the park is also home to Black, and Grizzly Bears, Wolves, Coyotes, and Mountain Lions (Cougars).
On the warm and fuzzier side the park is home to many Squirrels and Marmots. The occasional Porcupine and Beaver may also be found. Bird lovers will want to watch for Grouse, Bald Eagles, and the ubiquitous Canada Goose.
Banff National Park is the home of three world renowned alpine ski/snowboard areas. There are passes valid at all three resorts available.
Lake Louise Mountain Resort - Likely the most well known, and hosts Men's and Women's world cup ski events every winter. As such, it is also the busiest and most touristy. It is located close to the Lake Louise townsite. The scenery is fantastic as is the terrain when there is fresh snow.
Sunshine Village - Located a few kilometers west of the Banff townsite. In recent years, this hill has improved greatly, with more expert terrain and better lifts, it is a personal favorite. It also receives more snow than the other two resorts and benefits from a higher elevation and a generally longer ski season. Also fantastic scenery.
Ski Norquay - The closest mountain to the Banff townsite, and it is much used by the locals. The ski season is a little shorter at Norquay, because it is at a lower altitude than Sunshine and Lake Louise, and snowfall is less consistent. The trails here lean more towards steep and difficult, although there is still plenty of easy terrain.
Jasper National Park
Jasper National Park is in the Rocky Mountain region of Canada. It has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Jasper is the largest and most northerly Canadian Rocky Mountain national park. Comprised of delicate and carefully protected ecosystems, Jasper's scenery is none-the-less rugged and mountainous.
The park includes the glaciers of the Columbia Icefield, hot springs, lakes, waterfalls and, of course, mountains. Wildlife in the park include elk, caribou, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, grizzly bear, black bear, beaver, Rocky Mountain pika, hoary marmot, gray wolf, mountain lion, and wolverine.
Some of the park's many photogenic vistas include Mount Edith Cavell, Pyramid Lake with Pyramid Mountain, Maligne Lake, Medicine Lake, and the Tonquin Valley all considered best photographed at sunrise except for Maligne Lake, which is best in the evening. Other attractions are the Marmot Basin ski area, the Snocoach (bus-sized snowmobile) tours of the Athabasca Glacier, a distributary of the Columbia Icefield, Athabasca Falls, Maligne Lake, Whistler Sky-Tram the Jasper Tramway, and numerous other outdoor related recreational activities (such as hiking, fishing, wildlife viewing, rafting, kayaking and camping). The Miette Hotsprings are located close to the northeast entrance.The Miette Hotsprings is created by an extremely hot spring cooled by the mountain just right allowing for humans to use. It is the most natural hot tub in the world.
Among the most stunning of attractions is the Icefields Parkway, a highway 230 km (143 miles) in length from Lake Louise, Alberta in Banff National Park, to Jasper, Alberta. The highway parallels the continental divide, providing motor and cycle access to glorious mountain scenery. Along the highway travellers can take in both the Athabasca, and Sunwapta Falls which are easily accessible.
Waterton Lakes National Park
Waterton Lakes National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Canada and is the Canadian part of the Waterton Glacier International Peace Park that is joined with US Glacier National Park. The park contains 505 km² (203 mi²) of rugged mountains and wilderness.
Operated by Parks Canada, Waterton is open all year, but the main tourist season is during July and August. The only commercial facilities available within the park are located at the Waterton Park townsite. The park ranges in elevation from 1,290 metres (4,232 ft) at the townsite to 2,910 m (9,547 ft) at Mount Blakiston. It offers many scenic trails, including Crypt Lake trail. In 2004, Waterton Lakes National Park had 367,500 visitors.
Pisew Falls Provincial Park
Pisew Falls Provincial Park is located in Manitoba, approximately midway between the small community of Wabowden and the much larger industrial and service centre of Thompson, Manitoba.
Because of the continuous flow of water over the falls, the localized area has developed its own micro-climate. A wide variety of mosses, lichens, and fungi can be found in the immediate area around the base of the falls. The dominant winter feature downstream and to the right of the falls is the ice that builds up on top of a small island there. This island only rises a few feet above the downstream water level in Summer, but by late-February, the accumulation of ice builds to approximately 3-5 metres thick with the months-long accumulation of freezing spray.
At the periphery of this barrier between liquid water and frozen surroundings, lies a thin ridge of plant growth that continues to survive throughout the harshest of the -45 degree Centigrade days in this frigid northern wilderness.
It is common to see one or more of the local otters using the large ice buildup as a "slide", providing the otters and lucky spectators with hours of amusement.
Activities in the Park include kayaking, canoeing, hiking and boating.
Grand Beach Provincial Park
Grand Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in Manitoba, Canada. It is located on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg, and has large white sand dunes and ancient beaches from the end of the last ice age. This park is about an hour of driving north of Winnipeg. There are many tourist businesses, a boardwalk, over a mile of beach, beautiful sunsets, and there are tens of thousands of visitors to this park. The beach truly is grand, and one of a kind in North America. Lake Winnipeg is one of the largest fresh water lakes in the world, and the largest within the borders of southern Canada. The park is a sanctuary for the piping plover bird that is an endangered species and nests on the beach. The park has a campground, hiking trails, skiing trials, and is close to a small town. There are bald eagles, bears, sea gulls, terns, pelicans, and a wide variety of other species that live in the area.
Riding Mountain National Park
Riding Mountain National Park is a national park in Manitoba, Canada. The park sits atop the highest part of the Manitoba Escarpment. Consisting of a protected area 1,148 sq mi (2,973 km²), the forested parkland stands in sharp contrast to the surrounding prairie farmland. The park is home to wolves, moose, elk, black bears, hundreds of bird species, countless insects and a captive bison herd. It is most easily reached by Highway 10 which passes through the park. The south entrance is at the townsite of Wasagaming, which is the only commercial centre within the park boundaries. In 1986, Riding Mountain was designated a biosphere reserve by UNESCO.
Moose, elk, deer, beaver, porcupine, loon, grey wolf, cougar, and Canada goose are just a few of the animal and bird inhabitants of Riding Mountain National Park. The park boasts one of the largest populations of black bears in North America. There is also a wild bison enclosure located near Lake Audy.
Riding Mountain National Park is also well known for its wildflowers and wide range of unique vegetation, most of which is not seen anywhere else in the prairie regions of Canada.
Acitivities at Riding Mountain include hiking, cycling, horseriding, skiing, snowmobiling, fishing, boating, canoeing, kayaking, sailing, swimming, scuba diving, camping, golfing and picnicking.
Saskatoon
Saskatoon is a city in central Saskatchewan. With a metropolitan population of about 230,000 people, it is the province's largest city. Saskatoon is located along the South Saskatchewan River and is known as a city of bridges, which has led, along with its cultural sophistication and wealth of Art Nouveau architecture, to its nickname as the Paris of the Prairies. Saskatoon is home to the University of Saskatchewan, which is home to "The Canadian Light Source" which is Canada's only synchrotron.
Saskatoon is a very bicycling friendly city and boasts the second highest per capita commuter cycling rate in Canada. Recreational cyclists will enjoy exploring the Meewasin Valley Trail along the South Saskatchewan River. Almost all parts of the city are accessible by bicycle and bicycle lanes and routes are marked along some key corridors.
Walking is also a great way to get around Saskatoon. If your accommodation is in or close to the Downtown, you will be within walking distance to Saskatoon's best shopping, educational and cultural attractions.
Canada Remembers Airshow - Dedicating to remembering Canada's veterans, combines ground displays of intage aircraft, WW II trainers, fighters and bombers as well as the latest in jet-powered aircraft. Has active air acts which include vintage WWII aircraft, current military aircraft, and the Canadian Forces' Snowbirds Demostration Team. Runs in August. 2009 will be its last year of performance.
Prince Albert National Park
The main trees in the park are trembling aspen, paper birch, black spruce, white spruce, jack pine and balsam fir. Most travellers to the park will see elk (wapiti - different than European elk), white-tailed deer, much water fowl (ducks and geese) and many birds. Those who hike even short distances off highways may see foxes, black bears, moose, and more rarely wolves and bison (buffalo). The lakes have many fish, and can be caught with a rod and reel - a National Parks fishing license is required. The types of fish often caught are northern pike (locally called "jackfish"), walleye (locally called "pickeral), white perch, whitefish. The park also has a restricted zone for travel at Lake Lavalee on the norther border where white pelicans breed.
Most people spend at least some time lying on the sandy beaches and swimming. Often, even at busy summer weekends, it is possible to find a beach all to yourself at a picnic site or with a walk away from tourist areas.
Wildlife watching is very easy. You will have to be blind not to see elk and deer, and with a little looking will also see other animals. There are many short trails with written guides to help you understand what to look for. There is a park nature centre and park office to help you plan such adventures. There are also guided naturalist walks for small fees.
Ontario
Kingston
Kingston is a small city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is located on the north shore of Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence, almost exactly halfway between Montréal and Toronto.
As the first (very short lived) capital of Canada, Kingston was originally settled in 1673 as Fort Frontenac. Today, Kingston is one of the most historic cities in Canada with numerous churches, old buildings, pictorial neighborhoods, and 19th century fortifications. The city provide venues for nightlife such as clubbing and pubbing, and provides weekend escapes for people living in the neighboring cities of Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto. There are ample historic sites and museums to visit, as well as many lively summer events.
Rideau Canal
A historical scenic waterway that connects the towns of Kingston and Ottawa in Ontario, Canada. Actual construction started in 1827 and the canal was opened 5 years later in 1832, with 47 locks in 25 separate lock stations. While the total length of the route is 202 kilometers, only about 19 kilometers are actually man-made, with the rest of the route using existing lakes and rivers.
Wasaga Beach
Wasaga Beach is a town in Central Ontario on the shores of southern Georgian Bay. It is a popular summer tourist destination, featuring world's longest freshwater beach. The 18-km white sand beach is the place to be. Depending on when you go there may be a lot of people there. One excellent thing to do is to go on the beach at night when everything is closed - very relaxing. Watch the sun set over the bay.
Niagara Falls
One of the world's most spectacular waterfalls. Niagara Falls is divided into the Horseshoe Falls and the American Falls. The Horseshoe Falls drop about 173 feet (53 m), the height of the American Falls varies between 70-100 feet (21 m) because of the presence of giant boulders at its base. The larger Horseshoe Falls are about 2,600 feet (792 m) wide, while the American Falls are 1,060 feet (323 m) wide. The volume of water approaching the falls during peak flow season may sometimes be as much as 202,000 cubic feet per second (5,720 m³/s).
Viewpoints on the American shore generally are astride or behind the falls. The falls face directly toward the Canadian shore. Thus, the most complete views of Niagara Falls are available from the Canadian side of the river. It is about a two hour drive from Toronto.
Definitely a must for visitors - as is the well-known Maid of the Mist boat trip to the foot of the Falls. In addition to the Falls themselves, the city offers a number of other attractions including the lively and carnival-like Clifton Hills entertainment area, the Butterfly Conservatory, and Marineland. There are also two casinos in Niagara Falls.
In addition to Niagara Falls, the area has a number of other much smaller but still pretty waterfalls, including Ball's Falls and Rockaway Falls near Vineland, Decew Falls on the outskirts of St. Catharines, and Louth Falls near Jordan. The best time to visit is spring and early summer, when water levels are at their highest.
There are several historical sites from the War of 1812 scattered around the region, since the region borders the United States and much of the fighting took place here. They include Fort George, Fort Erie, Laura Secord's house, and Queenston Heights.
There are many possibilities for hiking and biking in the area. The 845-km-long Bruce Trail, [5], has its southern terminus point in Queenston, Niagara Falls and winds its way north along the Niagara Escarpment to Tobermory (Ontario). The Niagara River Recreation Trail is a 56km paved trail running along the Niagara River from Fort Erie in the south to Fort George in Niagara on the Lake in the north. Niagara Glenn has 4km of trails - enter the gorge at Totem Pole Park and follow the U-turn of Niagara so you will be close to where you started when you get out, i.e. a short walk to your car.
The region has over 30 conservation areas, each with a unique setting and offering different activities, including picnicking, strolling or hiking, bird-watching, and boating. Beamer Memorial Conservation Area near Grimsby is known as a place to watch the annual hawk migration, Binbrook for windsurfing, Ball's Falls for its waterfalls and historic buildings, including a grist mill. Some conservation areas allow fishing and hunting (license required).
Nearby town Niagara on the Lake is the centre of a premier wine region, with three wine festivals every year.
Hamilton
Hamilton is a port city in Ontario of around 500,000 people. It is situated at the westernmost end of Lake Ontario—the city wraps around the lake and continues towards the Niagara Escarpment, referred to by locals as "the mountain."
Dundurn Castle. One of Hamilton's most-recognized landmarks, Dundurn Castle is a National Historic site, illustrating the life and times of Sir Allan Napier MacNab (1798 - 1862). More of a stately home than a "castle", the still-impressive structure was completed in 1835. Features year-round programming, tours, restaurant and an on-site military museum.
Waterfalls - Hamilton is home to 100 waterfalls and cascades (that have been found as of May 30, 2008), including Progreston Falls, Great Falls, Upper Grindstone Falls (or Spring Falls), Boundary Falls, Upper Quarry Cascade, Quarry Falls, Borer's Falls, Lower Borer's Falls, Little Rock Chapel Falls, the breathtaking Webster's Falls and Tews Falls, Baby Webster's Falls, Lower Tews Falls, Ferguson Falls, Darnley Cascade, Greensville Falls, Steven's Falls, Weir's Falls, Springhill Falls, Dundas Falls, Dyment Falls, Lower, Middle and Upper Sydenham Falls, Mineral Springs Falls, Tiffany Falls with its new easy-access trail, Washboard Falls, Scenic Falls, Canterbury Falls, Little Canterbury Falls, Sisters of Mary Falls, Heritage Falls, Hermitage Cascade, Sherman Falls, Old Dundas Road Falls, Lower and Upper Mill Falls at the Ancaster Old Mill Restaurant, Shaver Falls, Little Falls on Wilson St., Lower Little Falls, Stephanie Falls, Upper Princess Falls, Lower Princess Falls beside Hwy #403, Mountview Falls, Sanatorium Falls, Chedoke Falls, Lower Chedoke Falls, unique double waterfall at Chedoke Golf Course, Cliffview Falls, Westcliffe Falls, Upper and Lower Beckett Falls, Buttermilk Falls, Albion Falls, Felker's Falls, Little Davis Falls, Veever's Falls, Billy Green Falls, Centennial Falls, the Devil's Punchbowl, Lower Punchbowl Falls, Dewitt Falls, Wall Falls, Fruitland Falls, West McNeilly Falls, McNeilly Falls, Pond Falls, Grand Cascade, East of Fifty Falls, Puddicombe Falls and many more. The one drawback of Hamilton's waterfalls is that half of them do dry up in dry seasons. The good news is that most are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment (a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve) in Hamilton. Often now Hamilton is referred to as "The City of Waterfalls".
British Columbia
The Kootenays
The Kootenays are a large region in British Columbia Canada. This area begins at the Alberta Border and extends west to the Monashee range of the Columbia Mountains. The area is famed for its laid-back lifestyle and endless outdoor adventure opportunities. The Kootenays are comprised of several roughly north-south mountain ranges and the valleys between. From east to west there are the Rocky Mountains, Purcell Mountains, and the Selkirk and Monashee ranges of the Columbia Mountains. There are also several very large lakes in this area, the largest of which were formed by hydroelectric dams. Lake Koocanusa, which gets its clever name for the fact it stretches across the international border, was formed by the Libby Dam in Idaho. Kootenay Lake which is about 100km long with a 35km western extension to the town of Nelson is a natural lake, though the southern floodplains were diked to reclaim agricultural land. Arrow Lake, (which is divided into north and south portions at the Needles-Fauquir ferry) is almost 200km long, stretching from Revelstoke to Castlegar. It was formed by the Keenlyside Dam.
Today, this area is comprised of many small towns, and as with most of British Columbia, this area favors travellers looking for natural beauty and outdoor adventure, rather than cosmopolitan cities. It is particularly renowned for alpine skiing, due to the large amounts of snow the area receives, with several large lift-accessed resorts and a booming cat skiing industry.
Wells Gray Provincial Park
Wells Gray Provincial Park is a large wilderness park located in British Columbia’s central Cariboo region. The park covers over 5,000 square kilometres and is home to some 219 bird species and more than 50 mammal species.
The park contains numerous small volcanoes and extensive lava flows of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field. It was then heavily glaciated during the last ice ages. Those forces combined to create rugged valleys cut by impressive waterfalls. The park is now densely forested with conifers and dotted by alpine meadows.
The park is popular year-round with skiers and hikers. Its extensive river and lake system also makes it an ideal paddling destination. With 100 km of coastline, Wells Gray’s Murtle Lake is the largest paddle-only (motor free) lake in North America. The park also borders the shores of Canim Lake.
Helmcken Falls is the park’s main tourist draw. It was one of the major causes for the development of Wells Grey Provincial Park. As a result, if it had not been for the volcanic eruptions within the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, it is not likely that such a large wilderness region would have been made. The falls are Canada’s fourth highest with a vertical drop of 141 metres. In the winter the falls freeze into a giant ice cone. Known as “the Bookmark”, the ice cone stands taller than a twenty-storey building. Also popular with visitors is Spahats Falls.
E.C. Manning Provincial Park
E.C. Manning Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, usually referred to as Manning Park. The park is 70,844 hectares in size.
The terrain in the park varies from wet coastal rain forests, to jagged snow-capped peaks, alpine meadows filled with wildflowers, to a chain of small lakes, and broad river beds along the valley floors. A network of trails criss-crosses the park. The park is best known for its magnificent midsummer displays of subalpine flowers, but there are other flora such as at Rhododendron Flats, near the park's western entrance, which has a substantial colony of pinkish-red rhododendrons, a protected indigenous species that blooms in early to mid-June. Some of the less common species the park aims to protect are the Mountain Beaver, Wolverine and the Cascade Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel.
Penticton
Penticton (The 'Peach City') is a beautiful spot in the south Okanagan nestled between two lakes: The 155km long Okanagan Lake to the north, and the smaller Skaha Lake to the south. Tourism in Penticton is largely seasonal. In the summer tourists double Penticton's population to 60,000. Historically, in the winter things were very quiet, but now that World Cup Freestyle Skiing stops at local Apex Mountain every winter, the winter scene is picking up.
The immediate Penticton area has many wineries, and indeed more seem to spring up everyday. The terroir of the Naramata Bench is considered the premier wine growing region of British Columbia for its climate and geography (though growers in the Golden Mile region of Oliver to the south may disagree). The popularity of this relatively new industry has driven the price of local products well over the price of a comparable French or Italian bottle. Most wineries offer free tastings and tours, and will almost certainly sell their products directly.
Perhaps the best thing to do in Penticton is to join the locals at the beach, and enjoy the blisteringly hot summer sun. Okanagan Beach follows pretty much the entirety of Lakeshore Drive on Okanagan Lake, and is generally the more family oriented beach. Skaha Beach to the south on Skaha Lake is where Penticton's younger crowd go to see and be seen. Sudbury Beach and Airport Beach are also on Skaha Lake, located west of Skaha Beach on the south side of Highway 97 (Caution: Sudbury is used as a kitesurf launch during the off-season.). Three Mile Beach is a good bet when the crowds at the other beaches are getting you down. Located just north of town, follow Naramata Road north, turn left at Three Mile Road, and follow down to the lake. If you walk along the beach to the north you will find an unofficial nudist area.
Golfers will find themselves at home, with four golf courses in the city limits, and several more just beyond.
Rock climbers will want to check out the renowned Skaha Climbing Bluffs located adjacent to Skaha Lake on the southern edge of the city. Access is controlled and a daily access fee is charged to hike into the bluffs. "Skaha" as it is known among climbers, has over four hundred established routes
Cyclists and hikers will want to visit the stunning Kettle Valley Trail which follows the old railway grade from Penticton through Naramata's bench wineries, and farther along, a system of tunnels and trestles leading all the way to Castlegar and beyond, some several hundreds of kilometers. Part of the Trans-Canada Trail which bills itself as the longest recreational trail in the world. You can also travel the railway grade on the opposite side of the lake 10km to Summerland which is gatewayed by the dramatic Trout Creek Railway Trestle, the highest in British Columbia.
Another traditional pastime in Penticton is floating down the River Channel, which is a small shallow river that flows south from Okanagan Lake to Skaha Lake. This leisurely trip takes from 2 to 3.5 hours depending on water levels in the channel.
In winter, your best bet is to spend some time up at the local ski hill Apex Alpine. Apex is about a 45 minute drive from town west on Green Mountain Road.
North Coast
The North Coast is in British Columbia Canada. It is a huge area that stretches from Burns Lake in the east to the Pacific Ocean and the Alaska Panhandle in the west, and north to the Yukon Border. The most developed part of this region is along the Yellowhead Highway. Once you venture to the Queen Charlotte Islands, or up to the north you will find vast expanses of untouched wilderness and very few people. This is an area where first-growth rainforest meets rugged snowcapped peaks, framed by labrithyne ocean inlets that rival the fjords of Norway.
Fraser Canyon and Hells Gate
The Fraser Canyon is a stretch of the Fraser River where it descends rapidly through narrow rock gorges in the Coast Mountains en route from the Interior Plateau of British Columbia to the Fraser Valley. Colloquially, the term "Fraser Canyon" is often used to include the Thompson Canyon from Lytton to Ashcroft, since they form the same highway route which most people are familiar with, although it is actually reckoned to begin above Williams Lake, British Columbia at Soda Creek Canyon near the town of the same name.
This area was first made famous by the 1858 Fraser Canyon gold rush, news of which spread as far as San Francisco, bringing over 30,000 hopefuls to the essentially uninhabited area. No less than three more lesser gold rushes brought prospectors even farther north, and gave birth to many of the communities as they are today.
The canyon extends 270 kilometres (170 mi) north of Yale to the confluence of the Chilcotin River. Its southern stretch is a major transportation corridor to the Interior from "the Coast", with the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways and the Trans-Canada Highway carved out of its rock faces, with many of the canyon's side-crevasses spanned by bridges and trestles. Prior to the double-tracking of those railways and major upgrades to Highway 1 (the Trans Canada Highway), travel through the canyon was even more precarious than it is now.
At Hells Gate, British Columbia, near Boston Bar, the canyon walls rise about 1,000 metres (some 3,300 ft) above the rapids. Fish ladders along the river's side permit migrating salmon to bypass a rockslide that diverted the river during the blasting of the Canadian Pacific Railway line in 1913. The area around Hell's Gate carries the name Black Canyon, which may either be a reference to the colour of the rocks when it rains, or the name of a community built on the cliffsides here during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Today there is a specially-built air-tram, like the kind used in ski resorts, which takes tourists down to Hell's Gate, where visitors may view the fish ladders as well as the boiling rush of the Fraser's waters. A set of tourist pavilions with shops and cafe now occupies the site of the workmen's housing seen in the accompanying image.
Sea-to-Sky Highway and Whistler
The region stretches from Lions Bay (just north of Horseshoe Bay), up the east side of Howe Sound past getaway destination Bowen Island to Squamish, the gateway to BC's magnificent alpine country of forests, lakes, and year round world class outdoor activities. The Sea-to-Sky Highway (Highway 99) clings to the mountainsides, letting you drive from Vancouver to Whistler, one of North America's top ski resorts, in two hours. Further in is Pemberton. The area is rich with archaeological sites and historical lore of the Salish Indians.
Whistler is a popular winter snow-skiing destination near Vancouver. Whistler is consistently ranked as one of the top 3 ski destinations in North America. With more than 5,000 feet of vertical drop and 8,000 skiable acres, it is by far the largest ski resort in North America. Hiking, biking, rock climbing and cross-country skiing are other popular activities in the area.
Sunshine Coast
Located north-west of Vancouver, a 40 minute ferry ride from Horseshoe Bay, the region is named for its 2,400 hours of annual sunshine. It is a 180 km (110mi) stretch of rainforest, seashore and mountains. This is the secret destination of many individuals, where the island life is found on the mainland. Here is a slower pace of life, where those who appreciate the beauty of outstanding marine parks and marshland bird sanctuaries, old growth forest and alpine peaks will find this the perfect destination.
Skookumchuk Narrows Provincial Park is the site of some of the strongest and most spectacular currents in western North America. These narrows occurs where the water enters into the Sechelt Inlet. There can be as much as a 2m difference in sea level between Sechelt Inlet and the Jervis inlet. The water can be moving at speeds of up to 16 knots and creates standing waves up to 1.5m and whirlpools. Access to the best place to view the narrows is about a 1.5 hour hike from the parking lot. This is located near the Earls Cove ferry terminal.
Vancouver Island
460km long and 80km wide, Vancouver Island features rural scenery, historic townships and much natural beauty. The Vancouver Island Ranges run most of the length of the island, dividing it into a wet and rugged west coast and a drier, more rolling east coast. The highest point in these ranges and on the island is the Golden Hinde, at 2,195 metres (7,200 ft). Located near the centre of Vancouver Island in the 2,500 km² (620,000 acre) Strathcona Provincial Park, it is part of a group of peaks that include the only glaciers on the island, the largest of which is the Comox Glacier. The Golden Hinde is also part of the Karmutsen Formation, which is a sequence of tholeiitic pillow basalts and breccias. The west coast shoreline is rugged and in many places mountainous, characterised by its many fjords, bays, and inlets. The interior of the island has many lakes (Kennedy Lake, northeast of Ucluelet, is the largest) and rivers.
Quebec
Mont-Tremblant
Mont-Tremblant is a small village in Quebec, Canada, known for the famous Mont-Tremblant Ski Resort. Located in the Laurentian mountain range, Mont-Tremblant ("Trembling mountain" in French) is surrounded by lush boreal forest and breathtaking views, standing at 875 meters (2871 feet).
Despite being a ski resort, in recent years, Mont-Tremblant has become a popular getaway for tourist and locals alike, whether in winter or in summer.
Mont-Tremblant is divided into two parts. The original village of Mont-Tremblant now goes by the name of The Village, but these days it's The Resort (aka the Pedestrian Village), some 13 km away directly at the foot of the mountain, where the action is. Built by Intrawest (the company behind Whistler) starting in 1992, the Resort is a somewhat Disneyland-y concoction of pretty pastel houses, but it looks improbably idyllic in winter with a light (or, not uncommonly, heavy) dusting of snow, maple logs on the fire and lights twinkling in the windows. Vehicles are strictly prohibited — hence the name — and many hotels can be reached directly on ski. A free gondola connects the lower hotels to the ski lifts.
Surrounding the inhabited areas is Mont-Tremblant National Park (Parc national du Mont-Tremblant), the biggest park in the SEPAQ network and the first national park to have been created in Québec.
Gaspé Peninsula
The Gaspé Peninsula, in southeastern Quebec, Canada, extends between the mouth of the St Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean. The area is sparsely populated but very scenic with a rugged coastline dotted with small fishing towns and lighthouses. Inland, tree-covered mountains and salmon-filled rivers are even more remote. Gaspé is a popular summer destination for Canadians and international visitors alike with the peak season in July and August. It is also a great place to visit during winter, especially for those interested in skiing and snowshoeing in the Chic Choc Mountains.
Trois-Rivières
Located halfway between Montreal and Quebec City on the St Laurent River. Trois-Rivières (historically and rarely Three Rivers is the second-oldest city in Quebec, founded in 1634. It lies almost half-way between Montreal and Quebec City and can make a nice stopover on travel between those two cities. The main (arguably only) sight in Trois-Rivières is the old city (vieille-ville), concentrated by the river along rue des Ursulines. It's far smaller than those of Montreal or Quebec, but picturesque in a low-key way and worth a stroll.
Old prison of Trois-Rivières - The Old Prison of Trois-Rivières, classified as an historical monument, offer the visit-experience Go to Jail!, where ex-inmates lead visitors on a tour that provides a real glimpse into prison life. This prison was in operation from 1822 to 1986, and closed its doors due to the unhealthy conditions. The tour of cells and places of solitary confinement is a true eye-opener! You can start the tour with a prison card that includes your photograph and fingerprints. Groups can serve a one-night sentence, upon reservation.
Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré
Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is a village located east of Quebec city in the Côte-de-Beaupré Regional Municipality County in the Quebec Region, Canada. The village lies along the St Lawrence and faces the Île d'Orléans. The Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is located in the village and is a major Roman Catholic place of pilgrimage. In addition to the basilica, the village contains numerous religious edifices, the chief being the Scala Santa, built in imitation of the Holy Stairs in Rome. The Sainte Anne de Beaupré also has the only copy of Michelangelo's Pietà. The original is in the Vatican City.
The basilica is known as a place of miracles. One of the builders of the original church, Louis Guimont, helped build the church despite having severe scoliosis and needing the aid of a crutch. When the church was complete, he was able to walk independently. Subsequent visitors to the church who have prayed have left their canes, crutches and walking aides behind as testament to their healing. The main wall when you first walk into the basilica is now completely covered with crutches. There is, however, still a wheelchair access ramp.
Canyon Sainte-Anne, lying 6 km east of the town, is a steep walled gorge. A 74 m. waterfall lies within the canyon. The canyon is accessible to visitors via footpaths and foot bridges.
Northern Canada
Northern Canada consists of threee provinces; Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory and Nunavut. Attractions include Aurora Borealis (the Northern Lights) and Inuit cultural attractions.
The area contains vast Arctic wilderness, featuring untouched forests, mountains, wildlife, glaciers, hot springs and numourous other natural attractions. Acitivites include hiking, cycling, horseriding, dogsledding, skiing, snowmobiles.
Nahanni National Park Reserve
Nahanni National Park Reserve is in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site to protect the South Nahanni River, one of the most spectacular wild rivers in North America.
The park is mostly boreal forest, with a variety of ecosystems ranging from lowland wet areas to alpine tundra. The main tree species are white and black spruce, lodgepole pine, jackpine, subalpine fir, larch, balsam poplar, trembling aspen and white birch. The varied ecosystems resulting from varied altitudes, hot and cold springs, and river influence results in a diversity of vegetation.
The park is home to a variety of wildlife including Dall's sheep, mountain goats, woodland caribou, wolves, black bears, grizzly bears and trumpeter swans.
The climate is cold and highly variable and visitors should be prepared for extremes. July and August are generally warmest with temperatures between 0°C to 30°C, with frost possible at night toweard the end of the period. The river begins icing in September.
Sights include Rabbitkettle Hotsprings, source of the largest known tufa mounds in Canada, Virginia Falls, with a vertical drop twice that of Niagara Falls, several river canyons up to 1200 meters in depth, and caves such as Grotte Valerie which contains ancient skeletons of nearly a hundred Dall's sheep.
The park offers whitewater canoeing, kayaking and rafting trips ranging from ten days to three weeks. Make reservations well in advance through the Park Office.
Yellowknife
Yellowknife is the capital of the Northwest Territories. It is located on the North Arm of Great Slave Lake, on Yellowknife Bay.
Yellowknife is an outdoor enthusiast's dream. There are several scenic walking and hiking trails within the city boundaries. The Ingraham Trail (Highway 4) connects Yellowknife to many lakes, rivers, and hiking routes that draw campers, hikers, paddlers, fishermen and women, and hunters.
The winter months are dominated by winter sports: hockey, curling, skating, cross-country skiing, broomball, volleyball, and indoor soccer.
The Snowking Festival, Caribou Carnival, and the dog sled races are annual winter events. In the summer, visitors can take in the Summer Solstice Festival, Raven Mad Daze (with its 24-hour golf tournament), and Folk on the Rocks, a popular music festival. Raven Mad Daze is a festival to celebrate the beginning of summer with bands on city blocks, vendors selling food and drinks, and silly string is avaliable for those who are pumped up and into the spirit. It is located in Downtown Yellowknife where all vehicle traffic is rerouted to other surface streets.
Nunavut
Nunavut is an extensive territory in the far North of Canada, located east of the Northwest Territories (of which it used to be part), north of the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, and west of the Danish territory of Greenland. Nunavut comprises a large portion of the northern tip of the North American continent and a large number of islands on Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean.
Resolute Bay - the 2nd most northern community in the world and a cultural tourist attraction. Flights available to Resolute Bay on Cornwallis Island can be taken from Iqaluit and Rankin Inlet.
Iqaluit
The capital and largest settlement of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, Iqaluit is located on a south-eastern inlet of Baffin Island. Population 7,100. Iqaluit is generally accessible only by air and, under the right ice conditions, by sea. Iqaluit has no roads leading to any parts outside of Iqaluit.
Crystal II - an ancient Inuit camping ground which has lasted for thousands of years, mainly because it is still used even this day. It is located near the end of the road towards the dump, you will need to have local assistance to find the site.
Nunavut Legislature - the location of Nunavut's legislative assembly. You may look around the main floor of the building, be sure to announce yourself to the security guard before going too far. The main entrance of the Legislature has two spires of wood which resembles a Qamotiq, a type of Inuit dog sled.
Auyuittuq National Park
Auyuittuq National Park is a national park located on Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in Nunavut, Canada. It features the many terrains of Arctic wilderness, such as fjords, glaciers, and ice fields. In Inuktitut - the language of Nunavut's Aboriginal people, Inuit - Auyuittuq means "the land that never melts". Although Auyuittuq was established in 1976 as a national park reserve, it was upgraded to a full national park in 2000.
Little vegetation can be found in Auyuittuq Park, although the plants that are found there range from flowers such as Mountain Avens, Campion, Papaver, and Saxifrage to shrubs like Dwarf Birch, Arctic Willow, and heather. Many of the plants in Auyuittuq Park grow in clumps to create their own warmer "microclimate" to survive the harsh Arctic conditions.
Because of the exceptionally low vegetation supply, wildlife is very scarce. There are only 12 species of mammals that live in Auyuittuq Park and these range from Lemmings (both the North American Brown Lemming and the Northern Collared Lemming), Arctic Hare, and Ermine to Polar Bear, Arctic Fox, and some Barren-ground Caribou.
The nearest towns are Qikiqtarjuaq and Pangnirtung. Visitors wishing to enter the park are required to register at the park office in Pangnirtung or Qikiqtarjuaq, and attend an orientation session. Park user fees apply.
The most common backpacking route in the park is known as Akshayuk Pass, and follows the Weasel and Owl Rivers via Summit Lake.
Well known peaks include Mount Asgard (shown in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me) with an 800 meter (2625 foot) face, and Mount Thor with a 1,250 meter (4,100 foot), 105° face.
Yukon Territory
The Yukon Territory is one of Canada's three territories, located in the North. The Yukon is very sparsely populated. The whole territory has only about 30,000 people in it. Many of the visitors in the winter come to the North specifically to see the Northern Lights. In the summer, the days are very long (up to 24 hours when north of the Arctic Circle).
Signpost Forest, at Watson Lake. In 1942, a homesick U.S. Army G.I. working on the Alaska Highway posted a sign with the name and distance of his home town. The tradition has continued to this day and now the signpost forest contains over 45,000 signs.
Dawson City contains historic attractions relating to the town's wild past as a gold rush town. Dawson City is accessible by the Top of the World Highway (if you are traveling east out of Alaska) or via the Klondike Highway (if you are traveling north).
Whitehorse is the capital of the Yukon Territory. The city is located along the banks of the Yukon River, and due to it being in a rain shadow area, Whitehorse has the distinction of being Canada's driest city.
Kluane National Park and Reserve
Kluane National Park and Reserve are two units of Canada's national park system, located in the extreme southwestern corner of Yukon Territory. Kluane National Park Reserve was established in 1976, covering 22,016 square kilometres.
The park includes the highest mountain in Canada, Mount Logan (5,959 metres) of the Saint Elias Mountains. In fact, mountains and glaciers dominate the park's landscape, covering 82% of its area. It contains close to 105 species of birds, including such birds as the Rock Ptarmigan and the mighty Golden and Bald Eagle.
A day-use area with boat launch, picnic facilities and campground is located at Kathleen Lake, and is operated from mid May to mid September. Hiking is a popular activity, on trails such as St. Elias Lake, Mush Lake Road, Shorty Creek, Cottonwood, Rock Glacier, King's Throne, Kokanee, Auriol, Dezadeash River Trail, Alsek Trail, Sheep Creek Trail, Bullion Plateau Trail, Slims West or Soldiers Summit. Rafting on Alsek River (a Canadian Heritage river), mountain biking on old mining roads, horseback riding through the Alsek Pass, boating on Kathleen Lake and Mush Lake as well as fishing for lake trout, arctic grayling, rainbow trout, northern pike and sockeye salmon are also among activities available in the park.
The bi-national Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek park system comprising Kluane, Wrangell-St Elias, Glacier Bay and Tatshenshini-Alsek parks, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 for the spectacular glacier and icefield landscapes as well as for the importance of grizzly bears, caribou and Dall sheep habitat.
Driving in Canada
Canadian roads are of good quality, but the distances to cover are enormous, so plan ahead. Make sure to take regular breaks to avoid fatigue. Beware of snow and ice on the roads in winter. Some roads in rural and remote areas require a 4WD vehicle.
In Quebec, road signs may be in French only.
The Trans-Canada Highway is the longest in the world, at over 7,000km. It crosses the entire country from east to west, from St John's in Newfoundland to Victoria in British Columbia.
Some major streets in several of Canada's larger cities contain lanes known as "Diamond Lanes," their uses vary from place to place, however they are generally reserved for local buses and sometimes taxis and/or bicycles. These lanes will nearly always be the right lane and vehicles not allowed to travel in the lanes may use them to turn at the next intersection. There will usually be a sign indicating what vehicles are allowed to use it and when, if there is no sign it is generally best to stay out of the lane as fines for misuse can be heafty.
Canadians use the metric system for measurments (hence speed is quoted in kilometres per hour, and distances in kilometres.)
Canadians drive on the right-hand side of the road.
In many areas of Canada (with the exception of Montreal island) it is legal to turn right (after stopping) on a red light, so be careful when crossing the street on foot.
Many secondary (less busy) intersections that are four (or three) way stops have no traffic lights, but have stop signs instead. You have to bring your car to a complete stop and let everyone that stopped before you go first. If two cars arrive at the intersection at the same time, the car to the right has precedence.
In Canada, you must always yield to a police car, fire truck, or ambulance when their emergency lights are flashing -- if they are approaching from behind, you must pull to the right and stop. In many jurisdictions, motorists are also required to slow down and move into a non-adjacent lane when passing a stopped emergency vehicle. In rural Ontario, private vehicles displaying flashing green lights are being operated by volunteer firefighters and medical first responders on their way to calls. While there is no legal requirement to pull to the right and stop, as with emergency vehicles, doing so for those displaying green flashers is considered to be both courteous and 'common sense'.
It is illegal to park in front of a fire hydrant.
In many cities across Canada, laws against jaywalking are often more strictly enforced by police and bylaw officers.
Beware, in British Columbia, a (slow) flashing green light means the traffic light is green (you can go) but it is controlled by the pedestrian. The light will remain flashing green until a pedestrian pushes the button to cross the street. When you see a flashing green light, traffic coming towards you will also see a flashing green light. In Ontario, Québec and Nova Scotia, a (fast) flashing green light indicates advanced turn, signaling the driver can make a left hand turn across oncoming traffic because oncoming traffic has a red light.
At crosswalks and corners, the pedestrian has the right of way. If you are a driver, there are often hefty fines for not giving them this right of way. If you are a pedestrian, though, don't always expect people to stop for you. This law is not as widely respected or enforced in Toronto, Quebec, and Windsor (Canadian city bordering Detroit) as it is in other regions of Canada.
Some provinces have drink-drive limits of 0.05%. The national Criminal Code limit is 0.08% - a foreign national exceeding this can expect to be deported.
During winter, a flashing blue light usually identifies a snow removal vehicle (e.g. snowplough) and drivers should stay far back when following. While it is legal to pass one of these vehicles, it may be safer to stay behind and travel on the cleared road.
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